Merger Control in Australia

The ACCC may indicate that activity by a certain firm or within a certain industry should be notified, for example, in the Chair’s annual speech on the ACCC’s compliance and enforcement priorities for the upcoming year. If the proposed transaction falls into that category, it is generally advisable to notify the transaction to the ACCC.

Even if a transaction is not notified to the ACCC by the parties involved, the ACCC can, and does, investigate transactions it is informed of through other means. For example, a transaction may come to the ACCC’s attention through the Foreign Investment Review Board, other Australian or international regulators, competitors, suppliers, customers or the media. The ACCC has, on a number of occasions, investigated transactions that have already been completed. It will typically do so where it becomes aware of the transaction and considers that it may give rise to a competition risk. 

If a transaction proceeds without notice to the ACCC and the ACCC forms a view that competition issues are likely to arise, there is a risk that the ACCC may take action to prevent or unwind the transaction. Remedies available to the ACCC include injunctions, divestiture (i.e. after the transaction has completed) and penalties of up to $50 million for companies per contravention of the CCA and $2,500,000 for individuals ‘knowingly concerned’ in the contravention.

The ACCC assesses market concentration by identifying market shares of the merging parties and their competitors, and considering whether current market shares are likely to reflect future market share patterns. The ACCC also typically uses quantitative measures of market concentration based on market share data (for example the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, or HHI) to help to consider whether the merger will raise competition concerns which require more extensive analysis. For example, the ACCC states that it will generally be less likely to identify horizontal competition concerns when the post-merger HHI is less than 2000, or greater than 2000 with a delta of less than 100.

Considering the degree of concentration and relative shares in a market can provide insight into factors affecting competition, including current constraints on the merger parties and the ability of new entrants and small competitors to enter and expand.

However, in some circumstances, market shares only provide a static snapshot of market conditions, and not an accurate representation of the ongoing and dynamic competitive processes in a market. For example, a vigorous and effective competitor (sometimes referred to as a ‘maverick’) may place significant competitive tension on the market, despite itself only having a modest market share.

The ACCC is unlikely to conclude that a transaction will result in a substantial lessening of competition if there has been, or there is a high likelihood of timely and sufficient entry and expansion in all relevant markets. This is because, in such a market, the merged firm is unlikely to have market power either pre- or post-transaction, on the basis that the entry of new firms into a market (or expansion of existing firms) can provide an important source of competitive constraint on incumbents.

Competition concerns are more likely where significant barriers exist and, as a consequence of these barriers, there has not been, and is unlikely to be, any material new entry or expansion. In these circumstances, the merged firm is more likely to have discretion over its pricing and other conduct. A transaction need not increase barriers to entry for it to be considered anti-competitive by the ACCC.

The ACCC will consider whether there is actual or potential direct competition from imported goods or services. The ACCC considers that import competition can provide competitive discipline on the merged entity’s market power, provided the supply of imports is able to respond to competitive signals in a timely and sufficient manner.

The ACCC will consider the availability of substitutes as a potentially sufficient constraint on the merged entity, having regard to the closeness of rivalry between the merger parties and other market participants, and the ability of rivals to expand. The consideration of substitutes also plays an important role in the assessment and identification of the relevant product market(s).

The ACCC will consider whether customers have countervailing power, which can weigh against the merged entity’s market power. Countervailing power exists when buyers have special characteristics that enable them to credibly threaten to bypass the merged firm. Examples of firms exercising countervailing power include vertically integrating (i.e. bringing externally an acquired product or service in-house), establishing importing operations or sponsoring a new entry to compete with the merged entity and other incumbents.

When analysing the competitive effects of a merger, the ACCC will take into account the changing nature of the market in the future. Dynamic changes may result from a range of factors including market growth, innovation, product differentiation and technological changes.

ACCC will consider changes in the market from two perspectives:

• the extent to which the dynamic features of the market affect the likely competitive impact of the merger;
• whether the merger itself impacts on the dynamic features of the market.

The ACCC considers that vigorous and effective competitors can drive significant aspects of competition, such as pricing, innovation or product development, even though their own market share may be modest. Therefore, if a transaction involves a vigorous and effective competitor or a ‘maverick’, the ACCC will be more likely to consider that the transaction raises competition concerns.

If a merger involves both horizontal and vertical competition issues (for example, because one or more of the merger parties operate at more than one level of the supply chain or each of them operates at a different level), the ACCC will assess the merger based on the combined potential horizontal and vertical impacts on competition.

When considering a transaction, the ACCC will assess whether it will give the merged entity a greater ability to increase prices and profit margins. Generally speaking, an increase in price will result in a corresponding increase in profit margins. If the merged entity has the ability to significantly and sustainably increase profit margins, this may also indicate that the transaction is likely to give rise to a substantial lessening of competition or result in public detriments that outweigh public benefits. However, since several factors influence profit margins, the ACCC recognises that increased profitability is not in itself a conclusive indicator of a substantial lessening of competition.

Informal clearance is the process used for the vast majority of transactions notified to the ACCC. Although the informal clearance process is ‘informal’ in the sense of having no statutory basis, the process is quite structured, has developed through practice and is run in accordance with both substantive and process guidelines. The ACCC will test whether the transaction will have the effect or likely effect of substantially lessening competition in a market.

The key features of informal clearance are as follows:

• informal clearance is a flexible and well-established process;
• informal clearance can be initiated on a confidential basis (although the ACCC is unlikely to provide an unqualified view until public market inquiries have been conducted);
• informal clearance does not prevent third parties from challenging the merger;
• the ACCC’s decision is not legally binding, although if the ACCC opposes a transaction, it will generally request an undertaking that the parties will not complete. If the parties refuse to give such an undertaking they should expect that the ACCC will seek an injunction to prevent the transaction proceeding;
• there is no right of appeal from the ACCC’s decision not to grant informal clearance. However, a company may decide to seek ACCC merger authorisation if the informal clearance is unsuccessful or appears to be unsuccessful part way through the process; and
• if a transaction is ‘cleared’, this gives comfort regarding the ACCC’s position. However, the ACCC reserves its rights to reconsider the transaction if it becomes aware of relevant new information.

The ACCC does not charge fees for companies seeking informal clearance.

Merger parties may also apply to the ACCC for obtaining formal merger authorisation. In contrast to the process under s 50, merger authorisation  is a formal process which contains several procedural requirements as stipulated in the Competition and Consumer Act, such as:

• an application must be made before the contract is entered into, or within 14 days of the contract being made and the grant of authorisation must be expressed as a condition precedent;
• the ACCC is the decision maker at first instance and has the power to authorise a merger if it:
• will not, or is likely not to, substantially lessen competition; or
• is likely to result in a net public benefit (i.e. public benefits that outweigh public detriments);
• a valid application must include detailed information and a completed prescribed form. In addition, the ACCC is empowered to require the production of business and market information;
• the ACCC has 90 days to make a decision regarding a merger authorisation, starting from the day the ACCC receives a valid application.
• if the ACCC does not make a decision within this time it is deemed to have refused the application (however the 90 day time limit can be extended with the consent of the merger parties in writing prior to the expiration of the 90 days);
• decisions of the ACCC are subject to review by the Australian Competition Tribunal under a process that is also governed by strict timelines (90 days to make its decision, extended to 120 days if new information is admitted); and
• the Tribunal will make its decision based upon the materials that were before the ACCC, but will have the discretion to allow or request further evidence that was not available at the time of the ACCC’s decision or to address new circumstances.

You may wish to consider merger authorisation (rather than informal merger clearance) in circumstances where the transaction may be perceived to raise competition issues but would also give rise to material public benefit. For a merger to be successful under the ACCC merger authorisation regime following an unsuccessful informal merger clearance decision there would need to be strong and verifiable evidence of very significant public benefit(s) to counter the ACCC’s view on that a substantial lessening of competition was likely.

There is an AUD $25,000 fee payable upon filing for authorisation of a merger.

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Once notified, the ACCC will consider the information provided, and:

• provide clearance without escalating to public review (sometimes referred to as ‘pre-assessment’). The ACCC may pre-assess the proposed acquisition based on the initial submission alone, however, it is typically the case that the ACCC will issue one or more information requests from the parties.
• may still look to pre-assess the matter, but only after conducting ‘targeted market inquiries’, which involves the ACCC contacting specific third parties, and seeking their views on the proposed transaction; or
• may consider the matter needs to go to public review so that the ACCC can have the benefit of information provided by an interest third party.

If the ACCC forms the view that the transaction cannot be pre-assessed, it will notify the parties that it intends to consider the transaction under the public review process.

Once the parties have advised the ACCC that the proposed acquisition is no longer confidential, the ACCC will enter the merger onto its public informal review register, publish a market inquiries letter and seek submissions from interested market participants. A description of the transaction and an indicative timeline setting out the closing date for submissions and proposed date for the announcement of the ACCC’s findings will also be uploaded to the ACCC’s public mergers register. 

Throughout the review, the ACCC may ask parties to:

• provide customer and supplier contact details;
• provide further information to the ACCC through voluntary or compulsory information and document requests; and
• respond to feedback received through the market inquiries process.

If the ACCC requests further information from the parties and there is a delay in its provision, the ACCC can ‘stop the clock’ (i.e. suspend the timeline until the information is provided).

At the proposed date for the announcement of, the ACCCs findings, it may decide at this stage not to intervene in relation to the transaction because it does not have unresolved competition concerns. However, should new information come to the ACCC’s attention, or should it become aware that any information upon which it has based its view is incorrect or incomplete, the ACCC reserves the right to reconsider its decision.

If, at the announcement of its findings,  the ACCC has unresolved competition concerns following the receipt of market feedback, it will publish a Statement of Issues (SOI) and establish a secondary timeline.

Parties may need to:

• address the matters raised in the SOI with additional submissions and information; and
• depending on the nature of the concerns and commercial considerations, consider negotiating a court-enforceable section 87B undertaking to address issues that the ACCC considers cannot be resolved through receiving further information or conducting further market inquiries.

Although undertakings may be offered at an earlier stage, they are typically offered after the ACCC has made clear its areas of preliminary concern in a Statement of Issues. The ACCC will usually conduct public consultation with interested parties in relation to the effectiveness of proposed section 87B undertakings. Undertakings may be behavioural, structural or a combination of both, noting that the ACCC’s preference is for structural undertakings (i.e. involving the merged entity divesting certain assets), and that such divestiture would ideally occur on or before the completion date (a ‘fix it first’ divestiture undertaking). There may be circumstances where, if this does not occur, the ACCC will not find any other remedy acceptable. 

Cleared or opposed

If a merger that has been escalated to a public review is cleared, the ACCC will publish a brief outline of its decision on the ACCC website. In the circumstances set out at (g) below, the ACCC will also publish a Public Competition assessment (PCA).

If the merger is opposed, the ACCC will publish its decisions and the parties may wish to:

• reconsider their commercial objectives in relation to the transaction;
• consider legal options;
• consider the content of the PCA once published; and/or
• consider merger authorisation. For a merger to be successful under the ACCC merger authorisation regime following an unsuccessful informal merger clearance there would need to be evidence of strong public benefit(s) to counter the ACCC’s view on the lessening of competition likely to result following the merger.

The ACCC will publish a public competition assessment (PCA) that outlines the basis for reaching its final conclusion of a merger assessment if:

• a merger is cleared and raises important issues that the ACCC considers should be made public;
• a merger is rejected;
• a merger is subject to enforceable undertakings; or
• the merger parties seek such disclosure.

By publishing PCAs, the ACCC aims to provide the market with a better understanding of the ACCC’s analysis of various markets and associated merger and competition issues.  PCAs are also intended to alert the market to the circumstances where the ACCC’s assessment of the competitive conditions in particular markets is changing, or is likely to change, because of developments (e.g. through technological change or previous mergers in those particular markets). The ACCC aims to publish PCAs within 30 business days of making a decision, but where matters are complex this period may be longer.